Introduction: A Plasma-Derived Marvel in Modern Medicine
Human Albumin has firmly established itself as one of the most valuable and reliable biotherapeutics in critical and supportive care. Extracted and purified from human plasma, Human Albumin Injection is much more than just a volume expander—it is a life-saving therapeutic agent that plays an essential role in fluid resuscitation, oncotic pressure maintenance, and transport of various endogenous substances in the blood.
Human Albumin is a sterile, purified preparation of serum albumin protein derived from pooled human plasma. It constitutes about 60% of the total protein content in plasma and plays a vital physiological role in maintaining oncotic pressure and transporting hormones, fatty acids, and drugs. In clinical use, it is available as an injectable solution in varying concentrations—commonly 5%, 20%, and 25%.
Unlike synthetic volume expanders, Human Albumin is biologically compatible and does not carry the same risk of anaphylaxis or coagulopathy, making it an ideal candidate in many critical care settings.
2. Composition and Formulations
Each vial of Human Albumin contains:
- Active Ingredient: Human Albumin (USP), typically 5 g, 20 g, or 25 g per 100 mL depending on concentration.
- Stabilizers: Sodium caprylate and sodium acetyltryptophanate to maintain stability and prevent aggregation.
- Sodium Content: Varies depending on concentration.
- pH Range: Generally maintained between 6.9 to 7.5.
Formulations are isotonic and heat-treated to inactivate potential viruses, ensuring high levels of safety and purity for patient use.
3. Mechanism of Action: How It Works in the Body
Human Albumin’s therapeutic value lies in its unique physiological roles, particularly its ability to maintain plasma oncotic pressure and serve as a versatile transport protein. These capabilities make it a central player in managing fluid imbalances and supporting systemic homeostasis in critically ill or hypoalbuminemic patients. Let’s dive deeper into its multifaceted mechanism of action:
4. Role in Acid-Base Balance
Another lesser-known but essential function of Albumin is its contribution to plasma buffering capacity. Albumin binds to hydrogen ions, helping maintain pH balance. In hypoalbuminemia, patients often experience metabolic acidosis due to impaired buffering, which can be corrected with Albumin infusion.
This action is particularly beneficial in conditions such as:
- Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Lactic acidosis in sepsis
- Advanced renal failure
5. Fluid Redistribution and Edema Control
By increasing oncotic pressure, Albumin facilitates the reabsorption of interstitial fluid, thereby reducing peripheral and pulmonary edema. In conditions like cirrhosis with ascites, Albumin administration post-paracentesis prevents paracentesis-induced circulatory dysfunction (PICD), which is a life-threatening complication due to fluid imbalance.
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